Ecosystem services in conventional farming systems. A review

Ecosystems worldwide are being disrupted under increased pressure from human activities. Nevertheless, most conservation studies and restoration efforts have so far focused on ecosystems of high heritage value related to their species diversity and/or the rarity habitats species. However, “ordinary nature” (all everyday, non-spectacular non-protected landscapes, ecosystems) is also threatened by ecosystem disruption, which could affect major ecological functions thus supply services (ES). Conventional farming systems, mostly composed agroecosystems characterised ordinary nature, already known deliver some ES (e.g. pollination, carbon sequestration). no systematic search has been done yet determine identified how there studied in these conventional systems. We performed a first evidence map (review key articles show, at glance, points that studied, highlight gaps base) identify characterisation measurement provided review 189 international scientific articles. excluded production for economic benefit, as this topic well documented agriculture found nutrient cycling (49.7%), sequestration (46.6%), pest reduction (48.1%) or pollination (36.5%) supplied agroecosystems. Correlations were between spatial scale studied: example, storage was determined more agricultural plot scale, while cultural landscape level. Our yielded 74 frequently used indicators, 50 easily measurable operational indicators significant ES. Afterwards, one challenge be addressed further each indicator range values should considered positive provision, likely ecosystem-dependent.